Debt ceiling 2023 - December 2023 calendar
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Updated: May 25,2023
2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis.
Federal Government tax revenue and expenditures. Reducing spending to pre-pandemic levels would balance the budget.
Federal Government expenditures.
Federal Government tax receipts.
Pre-pandemic spending levels comparison.
Debt held by the public.
$31.4 Trillion debt ceiling limit Reached on January 19, 2023.
Federal budget and deficit Edit.
Main article: United States federal budget.
In 2019, just over 60% of the federal budget went to mandatory spending for programs like Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid, with another 30% going to discretionary spending (half of which went to defense). The remaining 9% went to pay for interest on the debt. Meanwhile, both mandatory spending programs and interest on the debt were expected to take up increasing shares of the federal budget, while tax revenues were expected to be stagnant. [9] In the fiscal year 2022, the federal government brought in $4.90 trillion but spent $6.27 trillion, with a net budget deficit of $1.38 trillion (the fourth-highest of the 21st century). In addition, it has run deficits every year since 2001, when it last ran a surplus. [10] Financing a deficit requires that the government borrow money. [11] However, based on Article 1, Section 8, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, only Congress has the authority to borrow money "on the Credit of the United States". [12] [13] [14]
Debt ceiling Edit.
Main article: United States debt ceiling.
The United States debt ceiling is a legislative limit that determines how much debt the Treasury Department may incur. [15] It was introduced in 1917, when Congress voted to give Treasury the right to issue bonds for financing America participating in World War I, [16] rather than issuing them for individual projects, as had been the case in the past. In 1939, Congress gave the Treasury the right to issue and manage debt—though it limited how much it could issue. From 1939 to 2018, the Treasury increased the debt ceiling 98 times, decreasing it five times. [17] Whilst the Treasury can borrow money to pay for federal expenditures, it is limited in power by Congress. [18] In other words, the Treasury can borrow money to pay for federal expenditures—but only as much as Congress lets it. [18]
National debt Edit.
Further information: National debt of the United States.
Since 2009, America's national debt has nearly tripled, with annual federal deficits averaging close to $1 trillion since 2001. [19] During the 21st century, it has gone up for various reasons, including tax cuts under Presidents Bush and Trump, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, entitlements like Medicare Part D, and spending in response to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, the U.S. is the industrialized country with the fourth highest debt-to-GDP ratio, behind Japan, Italy and Greece. Additionally, the national debt is forecast to be double the United States' GDP by 2051. [9]
Reducing the deficit and debt Edit.
According to both policy experts and politicians, dealing with the deficit and debt will ultimately involve both raising taxes and decreasing spending. Past plans for taxes hikes have included reducing the number of deductions, increasing rates on higher earners, and making new taxes, while proposals for reducing spending have included reducing Social Security benefits, lowering payments for Medicaid and Medicare, and cutting defense spending, among others. [9] However, it tends to be difficult to do so in practice, owing to citizens' reluctance to alter large programs like Social Security. Historically, no political party has been willing to reduce the deficit or debt when they have held power, although the issue is often a foundation of candidates' election campaigns. [20]
The U.S. dollar and borrowing Edit.
The United States dollar (used heavily in international trade) is considered to be the world's reserve currency for a variety of reasons, including the sheer magnitude of the American economy, America's geopolitical strength, the dollar's relative stability, and the market for U.S. debt. [21] As well, the Compromise of 1790 (when Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton got both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison to agree to take on Revolutionary War debts assumed by the states and the Continental Congress in exchange for locating the capital on the Potomac River by Virginia [22] ) played a role with this: Because Revolutionary War bondholders were paid 100 cents on the dollar, America made good on its debt and established good credit. This, in turn, helped contribute to the dollar becoming the world's reserve currency. [23] As a result, foreign creditors (including China, Japan, and the United Kingdom) are large markets for the currency. This makes it easier for the U.S. government to finance the national debt, via being charged lower interest rates for borrowing money. [9]
Congress and the president Edit.
The House of Representatives and the White House disagree on how to resolve this crisis. [24] [25] [26] House Speaker Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) has called for negotiations to reduce federal spending in exchange for increasing the debt ceiling, [2] including making possible cuts to Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, [1] or otherwise possibly overhauling entitlements. In contrast, the Biden administration has declared that raising the debt ceiling is non-negotiable, and that Congress is obligated to increase it. [27] [28] Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) has said that there will be no default, [25] though he has also said that dealing with the debt ceiling will be up to President Biden and Speaker McCarthy. [29] As well, members of the House Freedom Caucus (and a few other Republicans who were not part of it, such as Representative Matt Gaetz) had raised a significant portion of funding for their 2022 election campaigns from small donors, which made it easier for them to resist pressure from business groups to raise the debt ceiling [30] . Indeed, the debt ceiling fight was viewed by some as being an example of widening divisions between corporate America and the Republican Party, which had begun during the Trump presidency. [31] On May 5, 2023 the president's senior advisor, Mitch Landrieu, appeared on TV to field questions on the White House response to the debt-ceiling crisis and the banking crisis. [32] A week later, Mr. Landrieu held a press conference at the White House to underscore the serious threat to the national economy of the 'manufactured crisis' of the debt-ceiling standoff. [33] [34]
Treasury Department Edit.
Secretary Yellen's comments Edit.
Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen told the Associated Press that, while she expected that Congress would eventually raise the debt ceiling, demanding spending cuts in exchange for doing so would be irresponsible and that increasing it was about ensuring that the federal government could pay for spending that Congress had already approved, rather than about new spending. [35] Yellen made similar points in her January 13, 2023, letter to Congress, also warning that if they did not suspend or raise it, they would harm the American economy, the American people, and the global financial system's stability. [36]
"Extraordinary measures" Edit.
As a result of reaching the debt ceiling, the Treasury Department began considering implementation of "extraordinary measures" [37] to prevent a default for a few months, so as to give Congress time to increase the debt ceiling, explained in a memo it issued on January 19, 2023. [37] However, it would only be able to use them for a few months. [38] Extraordinary measures are accounting maneuvers that the Treasury uses to enable the federal government to continue to meet its various financial obligations while there is an impasse over the debt ceiling. Said measures were first used by it in 1985, and Congress granted the Treasury permission to continue using them the following year. [5] Secretary Yellen also initiated a "debt issuance suspension period" through June 5, [39] and has rejected the minting of a trillion-dollar coin (which would have created $1 trillion in seigniorage). [40]
Markets Edit.
Analysts were monitoring the ongoing debate over raising the debt ceiling, and were keeping investors informed of it and similarly warning about the potential consequences of a default. [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] However, as of January 23, 2023, markets were not reacting to the debt ceiling debate, [43] as the expectation was that the debt ceiling would be raised in time to prevent default. [44] [42] [43] Analysts wrote that, with the exception of the 2011 debt ceiling crisis, markets had historically not reacted to debates over raising it. [41] On the other hand, they wrote that if the debt ceiling wasn't increased as the deadline for doing so drew nearer, stock prices would start dropping and interest rates would begin to rise. [43] On May 5, 2023, European credit rating agency Scope placed the United States’ AA sovereign rating under review for downgrade. [46]
Responses and analysis Edit.
Comparisons to the 2011 debt ceiling crisis Edit.
Further information: 2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis.
The Associated Press has noted similarities between the 2023 debt ceiling crisis and the one in 2011, including how both involved the GOP-controlled House of Representatives demanding spending cuts in exchange for increasing the debt limit. [47] In 2011, both the House and the Obama Administration negotiated for months on it until talks collapsed. [47] As a result, markets experienced turmoil, with the S&P 500 dropping by over 16% in the final month before the deadline. [44] In August 2011, [47] two days before the government would have defaulted, [19] there was a compromise between Democrats and Senate Republicans to create a committee to look into cutting spending, [47] and to also increase the debt ceiling. [5] As a result of the near-default, America's credit rating was downgraded [47] to AA+ [5] by Standard and Poor's, [48] as American borrowing costs went up by $1.3 billion that year. [19]
Potential consequences of a default Edit.
Increasing political polarization since 2011 has made votes to raise the debt ceiling more contentious than before, with economists now considering what would happen if the federal government defaulted on its loans. [19] One analysis from September 2021 (during a previous debt limit standoff) said that, if the federal government defaulted, America's credit rating would experience a drastic downgrade, interest rates on Treasury bonds would go up sharply, interest rates both in the U.S. and worldwide would spike, and payments on benefits (such as social security) and salaries for the military would be stopped. [49] Other potential consequences of a default would include reduced consumer confidence, a recession, immediately stopping about 10% of the American economy, increasing the cost of a 30-year mortgage, losing three million jobs in the U.S., and increasing the national debt due to higher interest rates. [19] Moody's Analytics warned that Congress may not be able to avoid breaching the debt limit. This warning was based on both the difficulty the House had in electing Kevin McCarthy as Speaker, and how some lawmakers (mostly Republican) were wondering if the Treasury would be able to prioritize paying bondholders if it was breached. [43]
Fundraising off of the debt ceiling fight Edit.
Even with the ongoing fight over raising the debt ceiling, party leaders in Congress were busy raising money, with Republican Congressional leaders raising about $10.4 million and Democratic ones raising $5.7 million during the first three months of 2023. [50] A number of moderate and progressive Democrats in the House and Senate had explicitly brought up the current debt ceiling fight in fundraising appeals to their supporters, and had framed it in terms of warning about potential consequences of a default. Messages about this came from Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, moderates like senators Jon Tester and Sherrod Brown, and progressives like Representative Alexandria Ocasio Cortez and Senator Elizabeth Warren. [51] Meanwhile, Republican Senator Tim Scott explicitly brought up the debt ceiling fight in his fundraising emails, though he wrote about it in terms of limiting government spending. [51] At the same time, far Right Republicans in Congress had been using the debt ceiling over the past few years to galvanize their supporters and to do fundraising based on it. [31]
Five possible scenarios for how the debt ceiling impasse could end Edit.
Increasing it right before x-date without any conditions (possibly by suspending it until October 1, and then increasing it again to last until sometime in early 2025), thereby avoiding damage to the economy. This would also be what they had done on previous occasions when there was debate over increasing the debt ceiling, and which report indicated would be the most likely possibility for resolving it this time. [23] Unilateral action by the executive branch to avert default, which could include: [23] President Biden invoking the 14th Amendment (Section 4) in case no agreement had been made by x-date to increase the debt ceiling. Though it would avert default, it could cause a constitutional crisis and the Supreme Court could have to intervene. The Treasury minting a trillion-dollar coin with its authority under 31 U.S.C. Section 5112, depositing it at the Federal Reserve, and drawing it down to pay the government’s bills. The Treasury issuing premium bonds rather than par bonds as Treasury debt comes due, lowering the face amount of debt outstanding and subject to the debt limit. The Treasury prioritizing payments for a few days, which would cause interest rates to spike, would cause chaos in the markets, and would increase the odds of a mild recession starting in late 2023. As well, it is unknown if the Treasury Department would be legally allowed to do this, or if it would be able to, plus effects on the United States' credit rating are unknown. [23] Adopting ideas the House Republicans were suggesting in March 2023, including cutting both Medicaid and nondefense-related discretionary spending. Results of this would include a recession and reduced economic growth for the next decade (the borrowing would be significantly reduced, so interest rates would be lower), with people with lower incomes being more likely to suffer financially due to losing both government benefits and jobs. [23] A lengthy default that would last for weeks results of this would include Treasury debt being downgraded by credit rating agencies, reduced treasury spending, a severe recession, higher interest rates, and a long-term diminution of the U.S. dollar's status as the world's reserve currency, among other effects. [23]
Potential debt ceiling workarounds Edit.
Fourteenth Amendment Edit.
While the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1866, is more widely known for its provisions granting citizenship to freed slaves and establishing equal rights, it also contains a long-forgotten provision, Section 4, that states, in part, -
" The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. "
With former Confederate states being admitted back into the Union at the time of the 14th amendment's ratification, many pro-Union members of Congress feared that if the South were to take back a significant amount of Congress, or were to retake the Presidency, they would refuse to pay the debt incurred by the Union during the Civil War, or pay debts incurred by the Confederacy to support its war effort against the United States. Section 4 confirmed the legitimacy of all U.S. debt to stop this from ever happening.
While Section 4's original purpose has long become moot, many constitutional legal scholars believe that Section 4 of the 14th amendment makes the debt ceiling unconstitutional. [52] President Biden could, in theory, end the crisis by avoiding Congress altogether, issuing an executive order invoking Section 4 and ordering the Treasury to continue making payments, even if that pushed the public debt above $31.4 trillion.
However, an invocation of the 14th amendment by President Biden would come with serious pitfalls. Legal scholars are divided as to whether or not it would be legally permissible for Biden to take such an action. [53] [54] [55] His executive order might not be accepted by the courts, and even if it were eventually upheld by the United States Supreme Court, the uncertainty leading up to a decision might cause turmoil in the markets and a spike in interest rates. [56] [43]
Trillion-dollar coin Edit.
In 1997, Congress passed a law that vested power to the Treasury to mint commemorative platinum coins of any denomination. [57] The law, 31 U.S.C. Section 5112, was originally intended to help the Treasury make money off of coin collectors, an idea penned by Delaware's at-large representative, Republican Mike Castle. [58] [59] However, the text of the statute did not specify any limitations on how high the denomination of the coin could be.
A strict reading of the statute would allow the Treasury to mint a platinum coin worth $1 trillion (or any other unusually high value it wished), depositing it at the Federal Reserve, and using it to pay debts.
One of the primary critiques of this plan is that minting the coin would be inflationary - as if the government was just printing money to pay off debt. [60] However, this fear is largely unfounded, because the Treasury could simply "sterilize" an equivalent value of money by selling off its debt. [61] [62] More founded critiques of this plan would be the fear that the Federal Reserve would refuse to accept a deposit of the trillion dollar coin. [62] However, given that a refusal by the Fed to accept the coin would result in a default and a subsequent economic meltdown, it is unlikely the Fed would want, in the words of economist Paul Krugman, "to be the guy who destroys the world economy." [63] Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has dismissed the trillion-dollar coin plan as a "gimmick." [64]
Attempts to raise the debt ceiling Edit.
Having recently regained control of the House, Republicans demanded deep spending cuts as a precondition to raising the debt ceiling, while Democrats insisted on a "clean bill" without preconditions, as had been the case in raising the ceiling in 2017, 2018, and 2019, during the Trump administration. [65]
Meetings between Biden and McCarthy Edit.
February Edit.
On Wednesday, February 1, 2023 President Biden and Speaker McCarthy met for an hour in the Oval Office [66] to discuss how to raise the debt ceiling. The two did not reach agreement – the president called for a clean debt ceiling increase, while the speaker demanded cuts to spending in exchange for raising it – though both agreed they would continue talking about it. [67] [68]
May Edit.
Biden and McCarthy met several times in May to try and find a way to solve the crisis, but as of May 23, they have not yet come to an agreement. In recent meetings, both Biden and McCarthy have spoken positively about the progress that was being made. [69] [70]
March 9 Presidential Budget Edit.
On March 9, 2023, President released a potential budget for 2023. [71] At 184 pages, this budget included $3 trillion to reduce the deficit, with savings largely coming from increased taxes on the wealthy and corporations. [72]
Limit, Save, Grow Act Edit.
Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 2811 by Jodey Arrington (R–TX) on April 25, 2023 Committee consideration by the House Committee on Ways and Means Passed the House on April 26, 2023 (217—215)
On April 19, Speaker McCarthy unveiled the Limit, Save, Grow Act, a 320-page House bill which would have raised the debt ceiling by $1.5 trillion (enough to last until at least March 31, 2024), while at the same time providing for significant spending cuts. More specifically, the proposals contained in the draft law included eliminating the partial federal student loan forgiveness program started by the Biden Administration, introducing work requirements for certain anti-poverty aid (such as Medicaid and food stamps), eliminating IRS funding for auditing people who are potentially cheating on their taxes, and getting rid of many clean energy subsidies. [73]
In its April 25 analysis of the bill, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that it would reduce federal budget deficits from 2023 to 2033 by a total of around $4.8 trillion, with two-thirds of that coming from reduced discretionary outlays and the rest coming from lower mandatory spending, increased Revenue, and lower interest payments on the national debt. [74]
Responses to the bill were mixed. House Budget Committee Chairman Jodey Arrington, who filed the bill, criticized the Biden Administration's spending while saying that the plan would address that. [75] Meanwhile, the House Budget Committee's Democratic members referred to it as "The Default on America Act", [76] . President Biden said on April 25 that, should the bill pass Congress, he will veto it. [77]
It was originally reported that a considerable amount of Republican Representatives would not have supported the bill. [78] [79] However, on April 26, following several days of negotiations and last-minute changes to the bill, the latter managed to pass in the House of Representatives by a vote of 217 to 215, [80] [81] with Republicans Andy Biggs of Arizona, Ken Buck of Colorado, Tim Burchett of Tennessee and Matt Gaetz of Florida joining all Democrats in voting against it. [81]
The bill was highly unlikely to pass in the Senate. However, it was viewed by House Republicans as a stepping stone for further negotiations with President Biden on the debt ceiling and spending cuts. [80] [81]
Discharge petition Edit.
Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 626 by Mark DeSaulnier (D–CA) on January 30, 2023.
On May 17, Democratic Representative Brendan Boyle introduced a discharge petition to force a vote on House Resolution 350, a special rule providing for immediate consideration of the so-called Breaking the Deadlock Act and of one amendment to the same, which is to be offered by the most senior ranking minority member of the Committee on Ways and Means. [82]
Democrats intend to use the amendment to replace the original text of the draft law in its entirety, turning it into a bill raising the debt ceiling. [83]
In order for the petition to be successful, it must obtain at least 218 signatures, which means no less than five Republicans would have to cross the aisle and support it. [84]
History of the United States debt ceiling 1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns, which included a dispute about the debt ceiling 2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis 2013 United States debt ceiling crisis.
References Edit.
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Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ "Michael Castle: Unsuspecting godfather of the $1 trillion coin solution". Washington Post . November 25, 2021. ISSN0190-8286 . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ "Why Minting a Trillion-Dollar Coin Would Be a Horribly Inflationary Idea". National Review . January 31, 2023 . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ Sor, Jennifer. "Nobel economist Paul Krugman says minting a $1 trillion coin to prevent a debt ceiling crisis wouldn't be inflationary". Markets Insider . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ a b "https://twitter.com/paulkrugman/status/1653734738178310144". Twitter . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . > : External link in |title= (help) ^ "https://twitter.com/paulkrugman/status/1653739546800971776". Twitter . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . > : External link in |title= (help) ^ Duehren, Andrew (January 22, 2023). "WSJ News Exclusive | Janet Yellen Dismisses Minting $1 Trillion Coin to Avoid Default". Wall Street Journal . ISSN0099-9660 . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ Jayshi, Damakant (May 3, 2023). "Did GOP Vote To Raise Debt Ceiling 3 Times with No Preconditions During Trump Era?". Snopes . Archived from the original on May 6, 2023 . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ The White House Briefing Room (February 1, 2023). "Readout of President Biden's Meeting with Speaker McCarthy". The White House . Archived from the original on April 29, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2023 . ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Kim, Seung Min (February 1, 2023). "Biden, McCarthy meet face-to-face on debt crisis worries". AP NEWS . Archived from the original on April 29, 2023 . Retrieved April 29, 2023 . ^ Schapitl, Lexie; Jones, Dustin (February 1, 2023). "After meeting with Biden, McCarthy says he won't agree to clean debt ceiling increase". NPR . Archived from the original on April 27, 2023 . Retrieved April 28, 2023 . ^ Hutzler, Alexandra; Ferris, Gabe; Peller, Lauren; Ibssa, Lalee; Faulders, Katherine (May 16, 2023). "Debt ceiling talks to resume at White House as Yellen warns default could trigger recession". ABC News . 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December 2023 Calendar.
If you are looking for December 2023 Calendar , then here is the right place to download all kinds of calendars. We have wide range of calendars such as yearly calendar, monthly calendar, weekly calendar and yearly calendar.
December 2023 Calendar.
It is our pleasure to let you know that all of the calendars are free on our website. You can easily click the download button, then get a December 2023 calendar for free, and open it with your favorite .pdf reader, and then enjoy the printable calendar template.
Table of Contents.
Printable December 2023 Calendar.
2023 December Calendar.
In addition, we do not only share the calendar for the month of December 202 3 with you. We have prepared 4 different calendar templates, each more wonderful than the other. We have drawn the calendars of all the months between January 2023 and December for you. 2023 and 2023 calendars have been designed for you for the opportunity to organize all the days you feel messy. Try it now for free!
How does it sound to go out during the day and experience the excitement at the summit with skiing or snowboarding, or just go to the top with the telpher and enjoy the view, then warm you up with hot drinks by the fireplace?
If you like the winter season, snow-white landscapes, and even winter sports, everywhere is full of paradises where you can have a winter holiday. Access the free printable version of the December 2023 calendar below.
2023 December Calendar.
December Printable Calendar 2023.
Whether you are looking for a weekly calendar, monthly calendar or an election calendar for 2023 – we have you covered. Make sure to take a look at our other calendars to stay on top of your schedule with ease.””Here at the Office, we pride ourselves in helping people stay organized.
December 2023 Calendar Printable.
Blank December 2023 Calendar.
We have many calendars for various types of users from casual home users to businesses executives. Our calendars cover every type of occasion and every season, so that no matter when you need to keep track of your schedule or appointments there is a calendar for that!
December 2023 calendar Monday Start.
December 2023 Calendar Monday Start.
Stay organized for the month of December with our free calendar that starts on Monday. This calendar includes all the dates of December 2023 and ample space for your appointments, notes and reminders. It is easy to download and print, making it perfect for both personal and professional use.
With its sleek and functional design, this calendar is the perfect tool for keeping track of all your important dates, events and appointments. Whether you need it for your home, office, or school, this calendar is sure to make your life more organized. You can download it for free and get your free December 2023 Calendar Monday start today!
A Little Bit Of Etymology.
December is the 12th month of the year and lasts 31 days, according to the Gregorian calendar. Its name derives from the word ‘ Decembre ’ in old English and French and ‘ December ’ in Latin. It is known as the 10th month in the Roman calendar, the word stem ‘ decem- ’ meaning ten (10) in Latin.
Let’s Cast A Glance At The December-Borns.
Those who were born in December take part as Sagittarius or Capricorn zodiac in the horoscope according to the date range, they bring vivacious energy and colorful aura along with them. The birthstones of December are turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite; the narcissus is its birth flower.
It is time to be freed from the autumn aura, and begin to the enthusiasm of the snowy weather with the coming of December. It is important to remember the birthdays of your beloved ones during this beautiful month. In order to not forget, just mark the day on your calendar where you can download a blank December 2023 calendar for free from our website.
Special Days in December 202 3.
Special days, as befits the name; cannot be special without our loved ones, family, and friends. Sometimes it can be hard to take time off from work, personal problems, or other reasons. However, the sweet rush of life will always be with us, and maybe being a little more organized can help us to cope with that. The blank printable December 2023 calendar where you can find from our website and download it for free makes it possible!
Christmas Day.
The origin of the word Christmas is the Latin word Natalis (birth). Christmas is the Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus on December 25 each year. It is also known as the Nativity, Holy Birth of Christ. From the beginning of the 20th century, Christmas has also been celebrated by non-Christians, free from religious motifs, as a holiday centered around gift shopping. In this secular version of Christmas, the mythological figure Santa Claus plays a central role.
Christmas is celebrated annually on December 25 by the majority of Christians around the world. In some countries, celebrations start on Christmas Eve on December 24 and continue until the end of December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches, such as the Armenian Church, celebrate January 6, which falls on December 25 in the Julian calendar, like Christmas.
In some Christian-majority countries, the Christmas holiday is practically combined with the New Year holiday. The reason why some Orthodox churches celebrate Christmas according to the Julian calendar was arranged by the Catholic Pope XIII according to the Gregorian calendar. However, some Orthodox churches converted to the Gregorian calendar and started celebrating on December 25th.
New Year’s Eve.
New Year’s Eve is the night that connects December 31 to January 1 in countries that use the Gregorian calendar. The New Year was dedicated to Janus , the god of parade and beginning, for whom the month of January is named, in pre-Christian Rome according to the Julian 2023 calendar.
As a date in the Gregorian calendar of the Christian world, it is still celebrated in the Anglican and Lutheran Churches with liturgy as the Festival of Naming and Circumcision of Jesus. It is usually celebrated with fireworks at midnight from the moment the new year is entered.
Other global New Year traditions include making New Year’s resolutions and calling for friends and family. The first New Moon, seen after the spring equinox in Mesopotamia in the 2000s BC, was considered the beginning of the new year. According to some sources, these celebrations lasted 11 days in Babylon about four thousand years ago. Many important days coincided with the New Year, from the defeat of the god Marduk to Tiamat to the ascension or reinstatement of the kings.
The start date of the new year also changed when the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar adopted the Julian calendar, which took the Sun as a reference, in 46 BC. In honor of the Roman god Janus , whose one side looks to the past and the other to the future, representing change and beginnings, the first day of January with the same name was accepted as New Year.
Conclusion.
In conclusion, there are numerous outdoor activities that you can do with your family and friends. Since it is the first month of the winter, it is a good idea to know its value. Pack your bags and take the road, go build a snowman with your kids, watch the snowfall while drinking your hot cocoa by the fireplace. All of these are easier to plan with the December 2023 calendar where you can download for free from our website.
Debt ceiling 2023 - December 2023 calendar
Reference number: PB6SGi5YOBRHY